Therefore I don't understand why one would use a metal lath?
One reason might be that old habits die hard. In some places, it is difficult to find a mason who has experience with styrofoam and would be willing to do without what he is accustomed to seeing. Another reason might be that expanded metal lath could still be indicated for structural reasons.
I thought the purpose of a metal lath was to serve as a structural attachment, for example on wood stud walls.
That is correct. When used with ICF, the structural attachment would be to the ICF web. Please note that this is a true structural attachment and fastener type, depth of penetration and quantity used will all be important factors, depending on the weight of the masonry.
According to this article a metal lath is NOT needed on EPS/ICF.
The article you present deals with manufactured stone. That is a substantially different product, both in terms of weight and adhesion. This thread started with natural stone, which is a heavier product and may require different treatment, particularly in terms of "structural" attachment. I believe that the key may be found in established building codes, which specify attachment requirements based on the weight per square foot of the installed "stone" facing.